crustacean

CRUSTACEAN
- OVER 30,000 SPECIES, INCLUDING PRAWNS, SHRIMPS, LOBSTERS AND CRABS.
- MOST VALUABLE FISHERIES: NATANTIAN DECAPODS (PRAWNS AND SHRIMPS) & REPTANTIAN DECAPODS.

1. NATANTIAN DECAPOD (Swimming decapods)
- MOST EXPLOITED: CARIDEA AND PENAEIDEA
1.1. CARIDEANS
- CARIDEANS DIFFER FROM PENAEIDS IN THAT THE PLEURON (COVERING SHELL) OF THE 2nd ABDOMINAL OVERLAPS THE PLEURA OF BOTH 1st AND 3rd SEGMENTS. THEY CARRY FERTILIZED EGGS EXTERNALLY BENEATH THEIR ABDOMEN
- MOST COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES BELONG TO FAMILY PANDALIDS; INCLUDING THE COLD AND TEMPERATE WATER SHRIMPS OF THE GENUS Pandalus, Heterocarpus (DEEP-WATER PANDALIDS) AND Macrobrachium.
- IMPORTANT SPECIES: Pandalus borealis, P. platyceros, and P. jordani, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.


Macrobrachium rosenbergii




Litopenaeus vannamei

1.2. PENAEID PRAWNS
- THE DISTRIBUTION IS GENERALLY RESTRICTED IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL WATERS.
- BECAUSE REQUIRING BRACKISHWATER, THEY ARE FOUND IN AREAS WITH SUFFICIENT RAINFALL
- THE PRICES ARE VERY EXPENSIVE
- PREVIOUSLY 2 GENERA: Penaeus AND Metapenaeus
- CURRENTLY PENAEUS IS DIVIDED INTO 6 GENERA, I.E. Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Plesiopenaeus, Metapenaeopsis, Xiphopenaeus and Trachypenaeus
- MOST PENAEID PRAWNS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF “TEETH” ON THE ROSTRUM AND THE SCULPTURING OF THE CARAPACE
- ALL COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT PENAEID PRAWNS HAVE SEPARATE SEXES, AND THE FEMALE, WHICH IS USUALLY LARGER THAN MALE, PRODUCED SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND EGGS IN OVARIES
- MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF PENAEID SHRIMP: Penaeus monodon (Tiger prawn), Marsupenaeus japonicus (Kuruma prawn), Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp), Penaeus semisulcatus (Flower prawn), Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (Banana prawn)
- Find the pictures of those species

2. REPTANTIAN DECAPODS (Walking decapods)
- INCLUDE LOBSTER AND CRABS
- GENERALLY ADAPTED FOR A BENTHIC HABIT, SOME COULD SWIM, E.G. SWIMMING CRABS (fam. Portunidae) AND SLIPPER LOBSTER (fam. Scyllaridae).

2.1. ASTACURA
- INCLUDE LARGE CLAWED LOBSTER OF THE GENUS Homarus (H. gammarus & H. americanus), Norway lobster (fam. Nephropsidae)
- MALE ARE HEAVIER AND HAVE LARGER CLAW THAN FEMALE



Homarus gammarus

Panulirus ornatus

2.2. PALINURA
- DIVIDED INTO 2 DISTINC TYPES: (1) SLIPPER OR SHOVEL-NOSED LOBSTERS, (2) SPINY LOBSTER
- IMPORTANT FISHERIES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
- GENUS Panulirus ARE MORE TROPICAL THAN Palinurus AND Jasus
- DISTRIBUTION RANGE of Panulirus, FROM NORTHERN LATITUDE, i.e. Panulirus interruptus and P. argus TO SOUTHERN LATITUDE, I.E. P. cygnus, P. ornatus, and P. penicillatus (INDO-PACIFIC REGION).



Slipper lobster (Parribacus japonicus)



Panulirus pennicilatus

2.3. BRACHYURA
- APPROX. 4500 SPECIES, INCLUDING TRUE CRABS.
- DISTRIBUTED OVER LARGE RANGE OF LATITUDES AND DEPTH.
- INCLUDING THE WORLD LARGEST CRUSTACEAN JAPANESE SPIDER CRAB Macrocheira kaempferi, WITH MAX. LENGTH FROM CLAW TO CLAW EXCEEDING 4 M.
- CANCER CRAB IS TYPICAL CRAB FAMOUS IN EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN MARKET (European crab Cancer pagurus, jonah crab C. borealis, rock crab C. irroratus, Dungenese crab C. magister)
- PRIMITIVE GROUP OF BURROWING CRAB, FROG CRAB Ranina ranina.

- MEMBERS OF FAMILY PORTUNIDAE ARE ECONOMICALLY VERY IMPORTANT, I.E. BLUE CRAB Callinectes sapidus (in Atlantic coast of America), mangrove crab Scylla serrata, swimming crab Portunus pelagicus.
- A GOURMET MARKET FOR SOFT-SHELLED BLUE CRABS IS MET BY CATCHING PREMOLT CRABS, WHICH ARE HELD IN FLOATING CAGES UNTIL JUST AFTER ECDYISIS.
- THE WORLD DEMAND FOR CRAB MEAT IS HIGH AND PREVIOUSLY UNEXPLOITED STOCKS ARE NOW FISHED HEAVILY.



Cancer pagurus

Portunus pelagicus

Scylla serrata

2.4. ANOMURA
- THE INFRA-ORDER ANOMURA CONTAINS SPECIES COMMONLY CALLED HERMIT CRABS.
- THE CRABS USE EMPTY SHELLS FOR SHELTER, NEVER KILLING THE ORIGINAL OCCUPANTS, AND SEEK LARGER SHELL TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR GROWTH.
- TWO GROUPS, I.E. LITHODID OR STONE CRABS AND THE COCONUT CRABS, HAVE EVOLVED AND NO LONGER DEPENDENT ON GASTROPOD SHELLS.
- LITHODID CRABS INCLUDE KING CRAB Paralithodes camtschatica, WHICH OCCURS FROM KOREA TO THE COAST OF CANADA. IT CAN REACH A MAX. OF 12 KG.

- THE FISHERY OF THIS SPECIES IS A MAJOR SOURCE OF CANNED AND FROZEN CRAB MEAT.
- THE COCONUT OR ROBBER CRAB Birgus latro, WHICH SPENDS MOST OF ITS LIFE CYCLE ON LAND, REACHES WEIGHT OF OVER 4 KG.
- THE ADULTS POSSESS MASSIVE CRUSHING CLAWS, AND LONG LEG TO CLIMB TREES, AND LARGE ADULTS ARE CAPABLE OF HUSKING AND BREAKING THROUGH THE SHELL OF FALLEN COCONUT.
- THIS SPECIES IS A HIGHLY VALUED FOOD ITEM IN MANY PARTS OF ITS RANGE, FROM INDIAN OCEAN TO PACIFIC OCEAN.


hermit crab


spider crab




Birgus latro

ikan karang

IKAN KARANG

A. Non-edible/ornamental fish (tidak dapat dimakan/ikan hias)
1. Anemonfishes
• Termasuk dalam famili Pomacentridae, dan terdapat 28 spesies ikan anemonfish yang hampir semuanya termasuk dalam genus Amphiprion, kecuali Spinecheek Anemonfish (Premnas biaculeatus)
• Ikan ini selalu hidup bersama dengan anemone yang menyediakan perlindungan dgn adanya tentakel beracun.
• Anemonfish tidak terluka dgn sengatan anemone karena mempunyai lapisan mucus yg khusus.
• Larva ikan berenang bebas selama 1-2 minggu dan harus menemukan anemone atau mati.
2. Angelfish
• Termasuk dalam family Pomacanthidae
• Terdapat 85 spesies yang terdapat pada perairan tropis di Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik Barat bag tengah
• Panjang total berkisar antara 7 – 50 cm.
• Dibedakan dari butterfly fish dgn adanya duri besar yang mengarah ke belakang pada opperculum
• Warna ikan dewasa yang cerah digunakan untuk menarik pasangan (reproduksi)
3. Lionfish
• Termasuk dalam famili Scorpaenidae
• Terdapat 12 spesies lionfish di perairan karang pada area Indo-Pacific
• Ciri khas ikan ini adalah sirip dada yang panjang seperti bulu dan mengandung racun.
• Semua sirip (dorsal, anal dan pelvic) mengandung racun yg gunanya utk pertahanan
• Bila tersengat sirip ikan ini, luka harus direndam dalam air yg sangat panas
B. EDIBLE FISH
1. Grouper
• Ikan grouper (kerapu) termasuk dalam famili Serranidae dan merupakan komunitas dominant pada terumbu karang di daerah Indo-Pacific.
• Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) (Kerapu kertang) merupakan ikan bonyfish terbesar di terumbu karang; berat hingga 400 kg dan panjang total 3 meter); sangat berbahaya bila berenang terlalu dekat
• Coral grouper dgn warna tubuh yang merah cerah dan totol biru merupakan spesies yang paling colorful di terumbu karang; panjang mencapai 41 cm dan hidup pada kedalaman 150 m.
2. Trevalies
• Termasuk dalam famili Carangidae
• Ikan ini termasuk predator yang terdapat pada perairan tropis maupun subtropics
• Merupakan ikan konsumsi paling banyak diminati shg menjadi target penangkapan
• Bigeye trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus) dapat mencapai 78 cm dan hidup pada tepi coral reef dlm kelompok besar (ratusan individu)
3. Fusilier
• Termasuk dalam famili Caesionidae dan meliputi 20 spesies.
• Terkenal dengan nama ekor kuning (Ind), blue gold fusilier (Eng); warna tubuh biru dengan warna kuning pada sirip ekor
• Membentuk kelompok yg sangat rapat (swarm) untuk membingungkan predator; kemungkinan ikan ini tertangkap predator sangat kecil
• Dapat mencapai 30 cm
4. Wrasse
• Termasuk dalam famili Labridae dan merupakan famili terbesar kedua di coral reef; setelah famili goby
• Terdapat 500 spesies dan Giant Wrasse merupakan yang terbanyak
• Disebut pula ikan Napoleon atau Humphead fish, panjang mencapai 230 cm dan berat 190 kg.
• Ikan ini biasa hidup sendiri pada kedalaman 10-100 m.
C. DANGEROUS FISHES
1. Silvertip shark
• Termasuk dlm Charcharhinidae; kisaran geografisnya meliputi Afrika Timur dan Red Sea hingga pantai Pasifik pada Amerika Tengah
• Termasuk ikan yang menyerang manusia
• Hampir mirip dgn whitetip shark, namun yg spesies ini tidak berbahaya
• Ukuran maksimal hiu ini sekitar 200 cm
2. Scalloped Hammerhead Shark
• Termasuk dalam Sphyrnidae dan meliputi 9 spesies; scalloped merupakan spesies yang paling umum dijumpai dan tersebar luas.
• Hidup pada laut tropis dan subtropics.
• Ikan ini cukup bahaya dgn panjang mencapai 400 cm.
• Hidup dalam kelompok (ratusan ekor) pada sekitar pulau offshore.
• Kepalanya berbentuk hammer (martil) yang berfungsi meningkatkan kemampuan sensorik (mendeteksi perubahan tekanan dan medan electromagnet) dan kemudahan bermanuver. Kedua mata yg terpisah meningkatkan penglihatan binocular.

fishes

Introduction
- Almost half of all species of animals with backbones (vertebrates) are fish
- Over 21,000 species from warm water of coral reefs to the cold waters of Antartica
- The diversity and abundance of fishes vary with latitude and longitude: from east to west, the greatest diversity is found in the south-eastern Asian region of Indo-Pacific (centre of evolution)
- Along a north to south axis, the greatest diversity is generally found in low tropical latitudes and decreases towards Polar Regions.
- Temperate water fisheries are based on a single species; whereas in tropical waters fisheries are made up of many different species

Clupeid fish
- Consist of sardines, herrings, sprats and anchovies.
- Pelagic fish typical of upwelling areas
- Eaten fresh, canned and pickled, most is ground into fishmeal.
- Example of single species-fisheries:
- Japanese pilchard (Sardinops melanostictus)
- Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens)
- Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Temperate water demersal fishes
- Catches about 15% of the world total from North Atlantic
- Mostly distributed in cool waters of the northern hemisphere
- Cod (Gadus morhua) and the haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) occur across North Atlantic from Europe to North America
- Hakes (fam. Merlucciidae) have wider temperature distribution
Tropical inshore fishes
- Several species are adapted to take advantage of the inshore productivity
- Flathead mullets (Mugil spp) and ponyfish (Leiognathus spp) have mouth suited for feeding on diatoms, filamentous algae and detritus.
- Goatfish (Mullidae) have sensitive barbells which aid in locating food
- Others: garfish (Hemiramphus spp), rabbitfish Siganus spp.
- Provide an easily accessible source of protein for subsistence fishers.
Deep-water fishes
- Snappers are caught by hook and line and by traps in depths of about 200 m
- Main species caught: genera Etelis sp., Pristipomoides sp and Apharus sp.
- Particularly valuable in tropical areas.
Open-Sea Fishes
- The best known open sea fish are tuna  fast swimming, pelagic fish.
- Warm-blooded and keep their body temperature higher than surrounding environment.
- Catches of tunas amount over 5% of the world catch
- Distant water fishing vessels fish for tuna using longlines to catch albacore, big-eye tuna and adult yellowfin tuna.
- Pole and line and purse seine are used to catch skipjack tuna and juvenile yellowfin tuna.
- Large stocks are found in upwelling area
- In Japan blue fin tuna (kuro maguro) is sold at the same price as new BMW or Mercedez-benz; eaten raw as sashimi.